In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined.
The total number of species is estimated to be between 8 and 8.7 million.[1][2][3] However the vast majority of them are not studied or documented and it may take over 1000 years to fully catalogue them all.[4]
All species (except viruses) are given a two-part name, a “binomial”. The first part of a binomial is the genus to which the species belongs. The second part is called the specific name or the specific epithet (in botanical nomenclature, also sometimes in zoological nomenclature). For example, Boa constrictor is one of four species of the genus Boa, with constrictor being the species’ epithet.
While the definitions given above may seem adequate at first glance, when looked at more closely they represent problematic species concepts. For example, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear with hybridisation, in a species complex of hundreds of similar microspecies, and in a ring species. Also, among organisms that reproduce only asexually, the concept of a reproductive species breaks down, and each clone is potentially a microspecies. Although none of these are entirely satisfactory definitions, and while the concept of species may not be a perfect model of life, it is still an incredibly useful tool to scientists and conservationists for studying life on Earth, regardless of the theoretical difficulties. If species were fixed and clearly distinct from one another, there would be no problem, but evolutionary processes cause species to change continually, and to grade into one another.
Species were seen from the time of Aristotle until the 18th century as fixed categories that could be arranged in a hierarchy, the great chain of being. In the 19th century, biologists grasped that species could evolve given sufficient time. Charles Darwin’s 1859 book On the Origin of Species explained how species could arise by natural selection. That understanding was greatly extended in the 20th century through genetics and population ecology. Genetic variability arises from mutations and recombination, while organisms themselves are mobile, leading to geographical isolation and genetic drift with varying selection pressures. Genes can sometimes be exchanged between species by horizontal gene transfer; new species can arise rapidly through hybridisation and polyploidy; and species may become extinct for a variety of reasons. Viruses are a special case, driven by a balance of mutation and selection, and can be treated as quasispecies.
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- 1Definition
- 1.1Typological or morphological species
- 1.2Recognition and cohesion species
- 1.3Genetic similarity and barcode species
- 1.4Phylogenetic or cladistic species
- 1.5Evolutionary Species Concept
- 1.6Ecological species
- 1.7Genetic species
- 1.8Evolutionarily significant unit
- 1.9Chronospecies
- 1.10Viral quasispecies
- 2Taxonomy and naming
- 2.1Common and scientific names
- 2.2Species description
- 2.3Abbreviations
- 2.4Identification codes
- 2.5Lumping and splitting
- 2.6Broad and narrow senses
- 3Mayr’s biological species concept
- 4The species problem
- 4.1When Mayr’s concept breaks down
- 4.2Aggregates of microspecies
- 4.3Hybridisation
- 4.4Ring species
- 5Change
- 5.1Speciation
- 5.2Exchange of genes between species
- 5.3Extinction
- 6Practical implications
- 7History
- 7.1Classical forms
- 7.2Fixed species
- 7.3Mutability
- 8See also
- 9References
- 9.1Citations
- 9.2Cited sources
- 10External links
Definition[edit]
Biologists and taxonomists have made many attempts to define species, beginning from morphology and moving towards genetics. Early taxonomists such as Linnaeus had no option but to describe what they saw: this was later formalised as the typological or morphological species concept. Ernst Mayr emphasised reproductive isolation, but this, like other species concepts, is hard or even impossible to test.[5][6] Later biologists have tried to refine Mayr’s definition with the recognition and cohesion concepts, among others.[7] Many of the concepts are quite similar or overlap, so they are not easy to count: the biologist R. L. Mayden recorded about 24 concepts,[8] and the philosopher of science John Wilkins counted 26.[5] Wilkins further grouped the species concepts into seven basic kinds of concepts: (1) agamospecies for asexual organisms (2) biospecies for reproductively isolated sexual organisms (3) ecospecies based on ecological niches (4) evolutionary species based on lineage (5) genetic species based on gene pool (6) morphospecies based on form or phenotype and (7) taxonomic species, a species as determined by a taxonomist.[9]